Collagen Overview

Collagen is the glue that holds us together, it keeps our guts healthy, enables pain-free mobility, and creates youthful, hydrated, resilient skin and strong nails, but our modern environment and...

References

  1. O’hara, A. M. & Shanahan, F. 2006. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep, 7, 688-93
  2. Baquero, F. & Nombela, C. 2012. The microbiome as a human organ. Clin Microbiol Infect, 18 Suppl 4, 2-4
  3. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  4. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  5. Online Etymology Dictionary. Available: https://www.etymonline.com/word/collagen [Accessed 2018]
  6. Lodish H, B. A., Zipursky Sl Et Al. 2000. Section 22.3Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology 4th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman
  7. Ricard-Blum, S. 2011. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3, a004978
  8. Brosnan, J. T. 2003. Interorgan amino acid transport and its regulation. J Nutr, 133, 2068S-2072S
  9. Neis, E. P., Dejong, C. H. & Rensen, S. S. 2015. The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism. Nutrients, 7, 2930-46
  10. Mardinoglu, A., Shoaie, S., Bergentall, M., Ghaffari, P., Zhang, C., Larsson, E., Backhed, F. & Nielsen, J. 2015. The gut microbiota modulates host amino acid and glutathione metabolism in mice. Mol Syst Biol, 11, 834
  11. Morowitz, M. J., Carlisle, E. M. & Alverdy, J. C. 2011. Contributions of intestinal bacteria to nutrition and metabolism in the critically ill. Surg Clin North Am, 91, 771-85, viii
  12. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  13. Souba, W. W. & Pacitti, A. J. 1992. How amino acids get into cells: mechanisms, models, menus, and mediators. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 16, 569-78
  14. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  15. Boyera, N., Galey, I. & Bernard, B. A. 1998. Effect of vitamin C and its derivatives on collagen synthesis and cross-linking by normal human fibroblasts. Int J Cosmet Sci, 20, 151-8
  16. Pullar, J. M., Carr, A. C. & Vissers, M. C. M. 2017. The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients, 9
  17. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  18. Sevilla, C. A., Dalecki, D. & Hocking, D. C. 2013. Regional fibronectin and collagen fibril co-assembly directs cell proliferation and microtissue morphology. PLoS One, 8, e77316
  19. Deshmukh, S. N., Dive, A. M., Moharil, R. & Munde, P. 2016. Enigmatic insight into collagen. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 20, 276-83
  20. Ricard-Blum, S. 2011. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3, a004978
  21. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  22. Myllyharju, J. & Kivirikko, K. I. 2001. Collagens and collagen-related diseases. Ann Med, 33, 7-21
  23. Kavitha, O. & Thampan, R. V. 2008. Factors influencing collagen biosynthesis. J Cell Biochem, 104, 1150-60
  24. Lodish H, B. A., Zipursky Sl Et Al. 2000. Section 22.3Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology 4th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman.
  25. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  26. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  27. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  28. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  29. Ricard-Blum, S. 2011. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3, a004978
  30. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  31. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  32. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  33. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  34. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  35. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  36. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  37. Zainul, Z., Heikkinen, A., Koivisto, H., Rautalahti, I., Kallio, M., Lin, S., Haronen, H., Norman, O., Ruegg, M. A., Tanila, H. & Pihlajaniemi, T. 2018. Collagen XIII Is Required for Neuromuscular Synapse Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci, 38, 4243-4258
  38. Zainul, Z., Heikkinen, A., Koivisto, H., Rautalahti, I., Kallio, M., Lin, S., Haronen, H., Norman, O., Ruegg, M. A., Tanila, H. & Pihlajaniemi, T. 2018. Collagen XIII Is Required for Neuromuscular Synapse Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury. J Neurosci, 38, 4243-4258
  39. Tao, G., Levay, A. K., Peacock, J. D., Huk, D. J., Both, S. N., Purcell, N. H., Pinto, J. R., Galantowicz, M. L., Koch, M., Lucchesi, P. A., Birk, D. E. & Lincoln, J. 2012. Collagen XIV is important for growth and structural integrity of the myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 53, 626-38
  40. Clementz, A. G. & Harris, A. 2013. Collagen XV: exploring its structure and role within the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res, 11, 1481-6.
  41. Grassel, S. & Bauer, R. J. 2013. Collagen XVI in health and disease. Matrix Biol, 32, 64-73
  42. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  43. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  44. Su, J., Gorse, K., Ramirez, F. & Fox, M. A. 2010. Collagen XIX is expressed by interneurons and contributes to the formation of hippocampal synapses. J Comp Neurol, 518, 229-53
  45. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  46. Chou, M. Y. & Li, H. C. 2002. Genomic organization and characterization of the human type XXI collagen (COL21A1) gene. Genomics, 79, 395-401
  47. Koch, M., Schulze, J., Hansen, U., Ashwodt, T., Keene, D. R., Brunken, W. J., Burgeson, R. E., Bruckner, P. & Bruckner-Tuderman, L. 2004. A novel marker of tissue junctions, collagen XXII. J Biol Chem, 279, 22514-21
  48. Veit, G., Zwolanek, D., Eckes, B., Niland, S., Kapyla, J., Zweers, M. C., Ishada-Yamamoto, A., Krieg, T., Heino, J., Eble, J. A. & Koch, M. 2011. Collagen XXIII, novel ligand for integrin alpha2beta1 in the epidermis. J Biol Chem, 286, 27804-13
  49. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  50. Tanaka, T., Wakabayashi, T., Oizumi, H., Nishio, S., Sato, T., Harada, A., Fujii, D., Matsuo, Y., Hashimoto, T. & Iwatsubo, T. 2014. CLAC-P/collagen type XXV is required for the intramuscular innervation of motoneurons during neuromuscular development. J Neurosci, 34, 1370-9
  51. Sato, K., Yomogida, K., Wada, T., Yorihuzi, T., Nishimune, Y., Hosokawa, N. & Nagata, K. 2002. Type XXVI collagen, a new member of the collagen family, is specifically expressed in the testis and ovary. J Biol Chem, 277, 37678-84
  52. Plumb, D. A., Ferrara, L., Torbica, T., Knowles, L., Mironov, A., Jr., Kadler, K. E., Briggs, M. D. & Boot-Handford, R. P. 2011. Collagen XXVII organises the pericellular matrix in the growth plate. PLoS One, 6, e29422
  53. Shoulders, M. D. & Raines, R. T. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu Rev Biochem, 78, 929-58
  54. Grimal, S., Puech, S., Wagener, R., Venteo, S., Carroll, P. & Fichard-Carroll, A. 2010. Collagen XXVIII is a distinctive component of the peripheral nervous system nodes of ranvier and surrounds nonmyelinating glial cells. Glia, 58, 1977-87
  55. Kavitha, O. & Thampan, R. V. 2008. Factors influencing collagen biosynthesis. J Cell Biochem, 104, 1150-60
  56. Ricard-Blum, S. 2011. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3, a004978.
  57. Razak, M. A., Begum, P. S., Viswanath, B. & Rajagopal, S. 2017. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017, 1716701
  58. Ricard-Blum, S. 2011. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 3, a004978
  59. Leikina, E., Mertts, M. V., Kuznetsova, N. & Leikin, S. 2002. Type I collagen is thermally unstable at body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 1314-8
  60. Chang, S. W., Shefelbine, S. J. & Buehler, M. J. 2012. Structural and mechanical differences between collagen homo- and heterotrimers: relevance for the molecular origin of brittle bone disease. Biophys J, 102, 640-8
  61. Lodish H, B. A., Zipursky Sl Et Al. 2000. Section 22.3Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology 4th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman
  62. Kavitha, O. & Thampan, R. V. 2008. Factors influencing collagen biosynthesis. J Cell Biochem, 104, 1150-60
  63. Leikina, E., Mertts, M. V., Kuznetsova, N. & Leikin, S. 2002. Type I collagen is thermally unstable at body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 1314-8
  64. Leikin, E. M., Edward, L. M., Natalia, V. K., Mary, B. S., Angela, M. D., Wayne, A. C., Aileen, M. B., Daniel, J. M., Joan, C. M. & Sergey 2008. Structural Heterogeneity of Type I Collagen Triple Helix and Its Role in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  65. Buckley, M. R., Evans, E. B., Matuszewski, P. E., Chen, Y. L., Satchel, L. N., Elliott, D. M., Soslowsky, L. J. & Dodge, G. R. 2013. Distributions of types I, II and III collagen by region in the human supraspinatus tendon. Connect Tissue Res, 54, 374-9
  66. Lodish H, B. A., Zipursky Sl Et Al. 2000. Section 22.3Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology 4th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman
  67. Buckley, M. R., Evans, E. B., Matuszewski, P. E., Chen, Y. L., Satchel, L. N., Elliott, D. M., Soslowsky, L. J. & Dodge, G. R. 2013. Distributions of types I, II and III collagen by region in the human supraspinatus tendon. Connect Tissue Res, 54, 374-9
  68. Lodish H, B. A., Zipursky Sl Et Al. 2000. Section 22.3Collagen: The Fibrous Proteins of the Matrix. Molecular Cell Biology 4th Edition. New York: W.H. Freeman
  69. Buckley, M. R., Evans, E. B., Matuszewski, P. E., Chen, Y. L., Satchel, L. N., Elliott, D. M., Soslowsky, L. J. & Dodge, G. R. 2013. Distributions of types I, II and III collagen by region in the human supraspinatus tendon. Connect Tissue Res, 54, 374-9
  70. Konig, J., Wells, J., Cani, P. D., Garcia-Rodenas, C. L., Macdonald, T., Mercenier, A., Whyte, J., Troost, F. & Brummer, R. J. 2016. Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol, 7, e196
  71. Visser, J., Rozing, J., Sapone, A., Lammers, K. & Fasano, A. 2009. Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1165, 195-205
  72. Zhong, Z., Wheeler, M. D., Li, X., Froh, M., Schemmer, P., Yin, M., Bunzendaul, H., Bradford, B. & Lemasters, J. J. 2003. L-Glycine: a novel antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 6, 229-40
  73. Razak, M. A., Begum, P. S., Viswanath, B. & Rajagopal, S. 2017. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017, 1716701
  74. Howard, A. & Hirst, B. H. 2011. The glycine transporter GLYT1 in human intestine: expression and function. Biol Pharm Bull, 34, 784-8
  75. Graham, M. F., Drucker, D. E., Diegelmann, R. F. & Elson, C. O. 1987. Collagen synthesis by human intestinal smooth muscle cells in culture. Gastroenterology, 92, 400-5
  76. Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Burghardt, R. C., Johnson, G. A., Kim, S. W., Knabe, D. A., Li, P., Li, X., Mcknight, J. R., Satterfield, M. C. & Spencer, T. E. 2011. Proline and hydroxyproline metabolism: implications for animal and human nutrition. Amino Acids, 40, 1053-63
  77. Tariq, M. & Al Moutaery, A. R. 1997. Studies on the antisecretory, gastric anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of glycine. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol, 97, 185-98
  78. Razak, M. A., Begum, P. S., Viswanath, B. & Rajagopal, S. 2017. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017, 1716701
  79. Razak, M. A., Begum, P. S., Viswanath, B. & Rajagopal, S. 2017. Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017, 1716701
  80. Zhong, Z., Wheeler, M. D., Li, X., Froh, M., Schemmer, P., Yin, M., Bunzendaul, H., Bradford, B. & Lemasters, J. J. 2003. L-Glycine: a novel antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective agent. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 6, 229-40.
  81. Howard, A. & Hirst, B. H. 2011. The glycine transporter GLYT1 in human intestine: expression and function. Biol Pharm Bull, 34, 784-8.
  82. Howard, A. & Hirst, B. H. 2011. The glycine transporter GLYT1 in human intestine: expression and function. Biol Pharm Bull, 34, 784-8
  83. Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2006. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol, 168, 1861-8
  84. Varani, J., Warner, R. L., Gharaee-Kermani, M., Phan, S. H., Kang, S., Chung, J. H., Wang, Z. Q., Datta, S. C., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2000. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol, 114, 480-6
  85. Singal, A. & Arora, R. 2015. Nail as a window of systemic diseases. Indian Dermatol Online J, 6, 67-74
  86. He, K. 2011. Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research. Eur J Clin Invest, 41, 98-102 Nails can show signs of softness, brittleness, deep ridging, or stunted growth related to deficiency of collagen
  87. Lehto, M., Sims, T. J. & Bailey, A. J. 1985. Skeletal muscle injury–molecular changes in the collagen during healing. Res Exp Med (Berl), 185, 95-106
  88. Marshall, G. E., Konstas, A. G. & Lee, W. R. 1993. Collagens in ocular tissues. Br J Ophthalmol, 77, 515-24
  89. Hassell, J. R. & Birk, D. E. 2010. The molecular basis of corneal transparency. Exp Eye Res, 91, 326-35
  90. Cescon, M., Chen, P., Castagnaro, S., Gregorio, I. & Bonaldo, P. 2016. Lack of collagen VI promotes neurodegeneration by impairing autophagy and inducing apoptosis during aging. Aging (Albany NY), 8, 1083-101
  91. Hill, K. E. & Davidson, J. M. 1986. Induction of increased collagen and elastin biosynthesis in copper-deficient pig aorta. Arteriosclerosis, 6, 98-104
  92. Bishop, J. E. & Lindahl, G. 1999. Regulation of cardiovascular collagen synthesis by mechanical load. Cardiovasc Res, 42, 27-44
  93. Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2006. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol, 168, 1861-8
  94. 94Bishop, J. E. & Lindahl, G. 1999. Regulation of cardiovascular collagen synthesis by mechanical load. Cardiovasc Res, 42, 27-44
  95. Song, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, L. & Li, B. 2017. Effect of Orally Administered Collagen Peptides from Bovine Bone on Skin Aging in Chronologically Aged Mice. Nutrients, 9
  96. Gautieri, A., Passini, F. S., Silvan, U., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Carimati, G., Volpi, P., Moretti, M., Schoenhuber, H., Redaelli, A., Berli, M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2017. Advanced glycation end-products: Mechanics of aged collagen from molecule to tissue. Matrix Biol, 59, 95-108
  97. Fessel, G., Li, Y., Diederich, V., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Schneider, P., Sell, D. R., Monnier, V. M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2014. Advanced glycation end-products reduce collagen molecular sliding to affect collagen fibril damage mechanisms but not stiffness. PLoS One, 9, e110948.
  98. Li, Y., Fessel, G., Georgiadis, M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2013. Advanced glycation end-products diminish tendon collagen fiber sliding. Matrix Biol, 32, 169-77
  99. Knuutinen, A., Kokkonen, N., Risteli, J., Vahakangas, K., Kallioinen, M., Salo, T., Sorsa, T. & Oikarinen, A. 2002. Smoking affects collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix turnover in human skin. Br J Dermatol, 146, 588-94
  100. Overbeek, S. A., Braber, S., Koelink, P. J., Henricks, P. A., Mortaz, E., Lotam Loi, A. T., Jackson, P. L., Garssen, J., Wagenaar, G. T., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Blalock, J. E., Kraneveld, A. D. & Folkerts, G. 2013. Cigarette smoke-induced collagen destruction; key to chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation? PLoS One, 8, e55612
  101. Vierkotter, A. & Krutmann, J. 2012. Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 227-31
  102. Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E. & Zouboulis, C. C. 2012. Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 298-307
  103. Caberlotto, E., Ruiz, L., Miller, Z., Poletti, M. & Tadlock, L. 2017. Effects of a skin-massaging device on the ex-vivo expression of human dermis proteins and in-vivo facial wrinkles. PLoS One, 12, e0172624
  104. Juncosa-Melvin, N., Matlin, K. S., Holdcraft, R. W., Nirmalanandhan, V. S. & Butler, D. L. 2007. Mechanical stimulation increases collagen type I and collagen type III gene expression of stem cell-collagen sponge constructs for patellar tendon repair. Tissue Eng, 13, 1219-26
  105. Damaraju, S., Matyas, J. R., Rancourt, D. E. & Duncan, N. A. 2014. The effect of mechanical stimulation on mineralization in differentiating osteoblasts in collagen-I scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A, 20, 3142-53
  106. Adhikari, A. S., Chai, J. & Dunn, A. R. 2011. Mechanical load induces a 100-fold increase in the rate of collagen proteolysis by MMP-1. J Am Chem Soc, 133, 1686-9
  107. Varani, J., Warner, R. L., Gharaee-Kermani, M., Phan, S. H., Kang, S., Chung, J. H., Wang, Z. Q., Datta, S. C., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2000. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol, 114, 480-6
  108. Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2006. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol, 168, 1861-8
  109. Fessel, G., Li, Y., Diederich, V., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Schneider, P., Sell, D. R., Monnier, V. M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2014. Advanced glycation end-products reduce collagen molecular sliding to affect collagen fibril damage mechanisms but not stiffness. PLoS One, 9, e110948
  110. Li, Y., Fessel, G., Georgiadis, M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2013. Advanced glycation end-products diminish tendon collagen fiber sliding. Matrix Biol, 32, 169-77
  111. Gautieri, A., Passini, F. S., Silvan, U., Guizar-Sicairos, M., Carimati, G., Volpi, P., Moretti, M., Schoenhuber, H., Redaelli, A., Berli, M. & Snedeker, J. G. 2017. Advanced glycation end-products: Mechanics of aged collagen from molecule to tissue. Matrix Biol, 59, 95-108
  112. Cdc 2017. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017. In: PROMOTION, N. C. F. C. D. P. A. H. (ed.)
  113. Gkogkolou, P. & Bohm, M. 2012. Advanced glycation end products: Key players in skin aging? Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 259-70
  114. Knuutinen, A., Kokkonen, N., Risteli, J., Vahakangas, K., Kallioinen, M., Salo, T., Sorsa, T. & Oikarinen, A. 2002. Smoking affects collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix turnover in human skin. Br J Dermatol, 146, 588-94
  115. Overbeek, S. A., Braber, S., Koelink, P. J., Henricks, P. A., Mortaz, E., Lotam Loi, A. T., Jackson, P. L., Garssen, J., Wagenaar, G. T., Timens, W., Koenderman, L., Blalock, J. E., Kraneveld, A. D. & Folkerts, G. 2013. Cigarette smoke-induced collagen destruction; key to chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation? PLoS One, 8, e55612
  116. Schagen, S. K., Zampeli, V. A., Makrantonaki, E. & Zouboulis, C. C. 2012. Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 298-307
  117. Hill, K. E. & Davidson, J. M. 1986. Induction of increased collagen and elastin biosynthesis in copper-deficient pig aorta. Arteriosclerosis, 6, 98-104.
  118. O’dell, B. L. 1981. Roles for iron and copper in connective tissue biosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 294, 91-104
  119. O’dell, B. L. 1981. Roles for iron and copper in connective tissue biosynthesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 294, 91-104
  120. Ivanov, V., Ivanova, S., Kalinovsky, T., Niedzwiecki, A. & Rath, M. 2016. Inhibition of collagen synthesis by select calcium and sodium channel blockers can be mitigated by ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate. Am J Cardiovasc Dis, 6, 26-35.
  121. Bisht, B., Darling, W. G., Grossmann, R. E., Shivapour, E. T., Lutgendorf, S. K., Snetselaar, L. G., Hall, M. J., Zimmerman, M. B. & Wahls, T. L. 2014. A multimodal intervention for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: feasibility and effect on fatigue. J Altern Complement Med, 20, 347-55
  122. Jaffer, O. A., Carter, A. B., Sanders, P. N., Dibbern, M. E., Winters, C. J., Murthy, S., Ryan, A. J., Rokita, A. G., Prasad, A. M., Zabner, J., Kline, J. N., Grumbach, I. M. & Anderson, M. E. 2015. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant therapy decreases transforming growth factor-beta-mediated collagen production in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 52, 106-15
  123. Grishko, V., Xu, M., Ho, R., Mates, A., Watson, S., Kim, J. T., Wilson, G. L. & Pearsall, A. W. T. 2009. Effects of hyaluronic acid on mitochondrial function and mitochondria-driven apoptosis following oxidative stress in human chondrocytes. J Biol Chem, 284, 9132-9.
  124. Vidali, S., Cheret, J., Giesen, M., Haeger, S., Alam, M., Watson, R. E. B., Langton, A. K., Klinger, M., Knuever, J., Funk, W., Kofler, B. & Paus, R. 2016. Thyroid Hormones Enhance Mitochondrial Function in Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol, 136, 2003-2012.
  125. Majora, M., Wittkampf, T., Schuermann, B., Schneider, M., Franke, S., Grether-Beck, S., Wilichowski, E., Bernerd, F., Schroeder, P. & Krutmann, J. 2009. Functional consequences of mitochondrial DNA deletions in human skin fibroblasts: increased contractile strength in collagen lattices is due to oxidative stress-induced lysyl oxidase activity. Am J Pathol, 175, 1019-29
  126. Bisht, B., Darling, W. G., Grossmann, R. E., Shivapour, E. T., Lutgendorf, S. K., Snetselaar, L. G., Hall, M. J., Zimmerman, M. B. & Wahls, T. L. 2014. A multimodal intervention for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: feasibility and effect on fatigue. J Altern Complement Med, 20, 347-55
  127. Donejko, M., Przylipiak, A., Rysiak, E., Gluszuk, K. & Surazynski, A. 2014. Influence of caffeine and hyaluronic acid on collagen biosynthesis in human skin fibroblasts. Drug Des Devel Ther, 8, 1923-8.
  128. Kitchener, R. L. & Grunden, A. M. 2012. Prolidase function in proline metabolism and its medical and biotechnological applications. J Appl Microbiol, 113, 233-47
  129. Bhattacharyya, T. K., Merz, M. & Thomas, J. R. 2005. Modulation of cutaneous aging with calorie restriction in Fischer 344 rats: a histological study. Arch Facial Plast Surg, 7, 12-6
  130. Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2006. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol, 168, 1861-8
  131. Vierkotter, A. & Krutmann, J. 2012. Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 227-31
  132. Vierkotter, A. & Krutmann, J. 2012. Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 227-31
  133. Varani, J., Dame, M. K., Rittie, L., Fligiel, S. E., Kang, S., Fisher, G. J. & Voorhees, J. J. 2006. Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation. Am J Pathol, 168, 1861-8
  134. Vierkotter, A. & Krutmann, J. 2012. Environmental influences on skin aging and ethnic-specific manifestations. Dermatoendocrinol, 4, 227-31
  135. Juncosa-Melvin, N., Matlin, K. S., Holdcraft, R. W., Nirmalanandhan, V. S. & Butler, D. L. 2007. Mechanical stimulation increases collagen type I and collagen type III gene expression of stem cell-collagen sponge constructs for patellar tendon repair. Tissue Eng, 13, 1219-26.
  136. Damaraju, S., Matyas, J. R., Rancourt, D. E. & Duncan, N. A. 2014. The effect of mechanical stimulation on mineralization in differentiating osteoblasts in collagen-I scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A, 20, 3142-53
  137. Miller, B. F., Olesen, J. L., Hansen, M., Dossing, S., Crameri, R. M., Welling, R. J., Langberg, H., Flyvbjerg, A., Kjaer, M., Babraj, J. A., Smith, K. & Rennie, M. J. 2005. Coordinated collagen and muscle protein synthesis in human patella tendon and quadriceps muscle after exercise. J Physiol, 567, 1021-33
  138. Kjaer, M., Magnusson, P., Krogsgaard, M., Boysen Moller, J., Olesen, J., Heinemeier, K., Hansen, M., Haraldsson, B., Koskinen, S., Esmarck, B. & Langberg, H. 2006
  139. Caberlotto, E., Ruiz, L., Miller, Z., Poletti, M. & Tadlock, L. 2017. Effects of a skin-massaging device on the ex-vivo expression of human dermis proteins and in-vivo facial wrinkles. PLoS One, 12, e0172624
  140. Oesser, S., Adam, M., Babel, W. & Seifert, J. 1999. Oral administration of (14)C labeled gelatin hydrolysate leads to an accumulation of radioactivity in cartilage of mice (C57/BL). J Nutr, 129, 1891-5
  141. Chen, Q., Chen, O., Martins, I. M., Hou, H., Zhao, X., Blumberg, J. B. & Li, B. 2017. Collagen peptides ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in immunostimulatory Caco-2 cell monolayers via enhancing tight junctions. Food Funct, 8, 1144-1151
  142. Sambuy, Y., De Angelis, I., Ranaldi, G., Scarino, M. L., Stammati, A. & Zucco, F. 2005. The Caco-2 cell line as a model of the intestinal barrier: influence of cell and culture-related factors on Caco-2 cell functional characteristics. Cell Biol Toxicol, 21, 1-26
  143. Chen, Q., Chen, O., Martins, I. M., Hou, H., Zhao, X., Blumberg, J. B. & Li, B. 2017. Collagen peptides ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in immunostimulatory Caco-2 cell monolayers via enhancing tight junctions. Food Funct, 8, 1144-1151
  144. Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V. & Oesser, S. 2014. Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 27, 47-55
  145. Schunck, M., Zague, V., Oesser, S. & Proksch, E. 2015. Dietary Supplementation with Specific Collagen Peptides Has a Body Mass Index-Dependent Beneficial Effect on Cellulite Morphology. J Med Food, 18, 1340-8
  146. Asserin, J., Lati, E., Shioya, T. & Prawitt, J. 2015. The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. J Cosmet Dermatol, 14, 291-301
  147. Proksch, E., Segger, D., Degwert, J., Schunck, M., Zague, V. & Oesser, S. 2014. Oral supplementation of specific collagen peptides has beneficial effects on human skin physiology: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol, 27, 47-55
  148. Hexsel, D., Zague, V., Schunck, M., Siega, C., Camozzato, F. O. & Oesser, S. 2017. Oral supplementation with specific bioactive collagen peptides improves nail growth and reduces symptoms of brittle nails. J Cosmet Dermatol, 16, 520-526
  149. Kumar, S., Sugihara, F., Suzuki, K., Inoue, N. & Venkateswarathirukumara, S. 2015. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, clinical study on the effectiveness of collagen peptide on osteoarthritis. J Sci Food Agric, 95, 702-7
  150. Clark, K. L., Sebastianelli, W., Flechsenhar, K. R., Aukermann, D. F., Meza, F., Millard, R. L., Deitch, J. R., Sherbondy, P. S. & Albert, A. 2008. 24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Curr Med Res Opin, 24, 1485-96
  151. Clark, K. L., Sebastianelli, W., Flechsenhar, K. R., Aukermann, D. F., Meza, F., Millard, R. L., Deitch, J. R., Sherbondy, P. S. & Albert, A. 2008. 24-Week study on the use of collagen hydrolysate as a dietary supplement in athletes with activity-related joint pain. Curr Med Res Opin, 24, 1485-96
  152. World Animal Protection – Rankings [Online]. Available: https://api.worldanimalprotection.org/ [Accessed]
  153. Biosecurity 2025 [Online]. Ministry for Primary Industries – New Zealand. Available: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/protection-and-response/biosecurity/biosecurity-2025/ [Accessed]
  154. 1993. Biosecurity Act 1993 [Online]. New Zealand: Parliamentary Counsel Office. Available: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0095/latest/DLM314623.html [Accessed]
  155. Law & Policy: Biosecurity [Online]. Ministry for Primary Industries. Available: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/law-and-policy/legal-overviews/biosecurity/ [Accessed]
  156. 1999. Animal Welfare Act 1999 [Online]. New Zealand: Parliamentary Counsel Office. Available: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/latest/DLM49664.html [Accessed]
  157. 1996. Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996. 1996 No 30. Parliament Counsel Office; New Zealand.
  158. Hwang, Y. H. & Joo, S. T. 2017. Fatty Acid Profiles, Meat Quality, and Sensory Palatability of Grain-fed and Grass-fed Beef from Hanwoo, American, and Australian Crossbred Cattle. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour, 37, 153-161
  159. Harkness, M. L., Harkness, R. D. & Venn, M. F. 1978. Digestion of native collagen in the gut. Gut, 19, 240-3.
  160. Sun, Y., Chen, W. L., Lin, S. J., Jee, S. H., Chen, Y. F., Lin, L. C., So, P. T. C. & Dong, C. Y. 2006. Investigating Mechanisms of Collagen Thermal Denaturation by High Resolution Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging. Biophys J
  161. Leikina, E., Mertts, M. V., Kuznetsova, N. & Leikin, S. 2002. Type I collagen is thermally unstable at body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 1314-8
  162. Leikin, E. M., Edward, L. M., Natalia, V. K., Mary, B. S., Angela, M. D., Wayne, A. C., Aileen, M. B., Daniel, J. M., Joan, C. M. & Sergey 2008. Structural Heterogeneity of Type I Collagen Triple Helix and Its Role in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  163. Leikina, E., Mertts, M. V., Kuznetsova, N. & Leikin, S. 2002. Type I collagen is thermally unstable at body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 1314-8.
Share This
Get wellness info & discounts